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Harvard’s Evelynn Hammonds, chair of the Department of the History of Science, Barbara Gutmann Rosenkrantz Professor of the History of Science, and professor of African and African American Studies, said that in the years after Stonewall the story of greater visibility for gay people in America was often seen through the lens of gay men. “So literally overnight, Mattachine is forced into making a public announcement with essentially graffiti.”įor Bronski, Stonewall represented a “shocking change of consciousness for the world.” And in its wake rose the Gay Liberation Front, a more radical version of the Mattachine Society unafraid to use confrontation to push reform.īut there were other organizations helping drive change. “What’s so amazing is that they would never have thought of doing anything public like that before,” said Bronski.
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Not long after the Stonewall raid, a message appeared on the boarded-up window of the bar, pleading for the return of “peaceful and quiet conduct on the streets of the village.” It was signed “Mattachine.” It was like the radical feminists invading the Miss America contest, or the Black Panthers standing in front of Oakland City Hall with rifles,” he said, and it ran completely counter to the approach of groups such as the Mattachine Society, one of the nation’s earliest gay-rights organizations, that preferred to press for change through legal and political channels. On the window of the Stonewall Inn, “We homosexuals plead with our people to please help maintain peaceful and quiet conduct on the streets of the Village - Mattachine“ Diana Davies © New York Public Library involving gays and lesbians fed up with routine harassment, but Stonewall, erupting when it did amid protests over the Vietnam War and civil rights and gender equality, marked a decisive break from the more passive sexual-orientation politics of the day, said Bronski, who has written extensively on LGBTQ culture and history. “It really is like the shot heard around the world, or the hairpin drop heard round the world,” he said, a cheeky parody coined in Stonewall’s aftermath of the stanza from “Concord Hymn.” There had been previous riots in the U.S. Today, Bronski, a Harvard professor of the practice in media and activism in Studies of Women, Gender, and Sexuality, understands why so many claim to have been present at such a pivotal moment in the history of the gay rights movement. More violent demonstrations shook the neighborhood in the following days. The officers barricaded themselves in the bar and radioed for back-up as a riot flared.
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Then, according to multiple accounts, a lesbian who was fighting attempts to haul her into a squad car cried out, “Why don’t you guys do something!” The air grew thick with chants - along with bottles and bricks. The crowd of onlookers swelled as tourists and neighborhood residents stopped to investigate. But instead of dispersing as they had during past routine raids, those who hadn’t been grabbed began cheering those who had. Officers started pushing customers and workers into police vehicles. The trouble started when the police arrived in the wee hours of June 28 to raid the Mafia-run tavern on a trumped-up liquor-license charge. And they weren’t protesters but mostly patrons of the Stonewall Inn, a popular Greenwich Village gay bar. In truth, the crowd that day numbered about 200, at least at first. The joke is that if everyone who claims they took part in the famous 1969 uprising in lower Manhattan that catalyzed America’s gay-rights movement actually had been there, the crowd, Bronski says with a laugh, “would have filled Yankee Stadium.” Michael Bronski wasn’t at Stonewall and doesn’t mind admitting it, unlike many members of the gay and lesbian community of a certain age who, he says, insist they were.